CIS 225

Networking

7 Layer OSI Network Model

• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport - TCP/UDP
• Network - IPv4/IPv6
• Data Link - Ethernet
• Physical - 100BASE-T

Physical - 100BASE-T

Image Source: Wikipedia

Data Link - Ethernet

Image Source: Wikipedia

Network - IPv4

IPv4 vs. IPv6

IPv4: 32 bit Addresses
2³² = 4,294,967,296

IPv6: 128 bit Addresses
2¹²⁸ = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,
374,607,431,768,211,456
or 340 Undecillion addresses

Network - IPv6

Image Source: Wikipedia

Network Interfaces

• Localhost
• Ethernet Adapter
• Wireless Adapter

Localhost

• a.k.a Loopback Adapter (lo)
• IP Address: 127.0.0.1
• DNS Name: localhost
• Defined in Software
• Allows a system to access itself via nework protocols

Network Adapters

• Physical hardware connections to a network
• Includes Wired (Ethernet) and Wireless adapters
• Each adapter may have 1 or more IP addresses

Windows Network Adapters
Device Manager

Windows Network Adapters
Network Connections

Ubuntu Network Adapters
/etc/hosts

/etc/network/interfaces

Ubuntu Network Adapters

IP Addresses

• Unique Identifier on a Network
• Used for packet routing
• 3 common configurations
  • Automatic - DHCP
  • Manual - Static IP Addresses
  • Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

IP Address Components

• IP Address - The identifier of this computer
• Subnet Mask - The subnet this computer belongs to
• Default Gateway - The IP address of the "way out"

Reserved IP Address Sections

• 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.254 (255.255.0.0)
• 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.254 (255.240.0.0)
• 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.254 (255.0.0.0)
• 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.254 (APIPA)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Image Source: Tech Juice

Ubuntu - dhclient

Manual Configuration

• Manually enter IP address information for hosts
• Normally used on servers and core network devices
• More control, but more work to make changes

Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

• When all else fails, your system will assign an address that is non-routable
• If your IP is like 169.254.x.x then something is not working correctly

Windows IP Configuration

Ubuntu IP Configuration

Windows Diagnostic Commands

• ping - contact IP addresses and DNS names
• tracert - trace route between hosts
• ipconfig - access IP configuration

ipconfig

• ipconfig /release
• ipconfig /renew
• ipconfig /all
• ipconfig /flushdns
• ipconfig /displaydns

Ubuntu Diagnostic Commands

• ping - contact IP addresses and DNS names
• traceroute - trace route between hosts
• ifconfig - access IP configuration
• mtr - combine ping and traceroute

Transport - TCP

Transport - UDP

TCP vs. UDP

Ports

• Individual connection points for each application on a computer
• 65535 possible ports (2¹⁶)
• Around 250 are "well known" ports with widely accepted uses for incoming connections
• Outgoing connections use high numbered "ephemeral" ports

Well Known Ports
/etc/services

• 21 - FTP
• 22 - SSH
• 25 - SMTP
• 80 - HTTP
• 443 - HTTPS
• 3389 - Remote Desktop

Windows - Sysinternals TCPView

Ubuntu - netstat

Sharing

• Accessing files from one computer on another
• Building block of small networks
• Can also share printers, internet connections

Windows Sharing

• Uses Server Message Block (SMB) Application Layer Protocol
• Based on the Common Internet File System (CIFS)
• Uses ports 137-139, 445

Ubuntu Sharing

• Samba package enables Ubuntu to communicate using SMB
• Ubuntu can then share files with Windows and vice-versa

Network Security

• Authentication & Authorization
• Intrusion Detection System
• Encryption
• Honeypots
• Log Monitoring
• NAT Routing
• Firewalls

Authentication & Authorization

• Verify that users or devices on the network are valid
• Confirm that users are allowed to access resources
• Enforced with ACLs, firewalls, etc.

Intrusion Detection System (IDS)

• Monitors network activity
• Uses signatures or statistical anomalies to detect unwanted network activity
• Can be programmed to automatically respond to detected threats

Encryption

• Protect network traffic by encrypting it
• Prevents eavesdroppers from listening in and intercepting data

Honeypots

• Fake network resources left open
• Any attempts to access are assumed to be malicious
• Information gained is used to strengthen protection

Log Monitoring

• Many network enabled programs are configured to log connections
• Those logs can be analyzed to find unwanted connections

NAT Routing

• Network Address Translation
• Multiple devices with different internal IP addresses share one public IP address
• External attackers only see router (unless ports are forwarded)
• Protects internal systems by not making them directly accessible externally

Firewalls

• Restrict network access to specific programs, ports, addresses, protocols, etc.
• Can be employed on an entire network or each individual system (or both)

Firewalls vs IDS

• Firewalls look at types of traffic, IDS looks at contents and meaning of traffic
• Firewalls can only prevent unwanted connections, IDS can detect them already in progress

Lab 5

• Confirm you can ping back and forth
• Set up sharing to and from each virtual machine
• Turn on Firewalls
• Create Firewall Rules to allow access to the following resources
  • Remote Connection (SSH/RDP)
  • Shared Files (smb/Samba)
  • Web Server (apache/IIS)

Reading

http://people.cis.ksu.edu/~russfeld/cis225fall2016/

Assignments

• Lab 5 - Networking
  Due 10/10 12:30 PM