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CIS 115

Lecture 17: Artificial Intelligence
Dr. William Hsu

What is Artificial Intelligence?

John McCarthy (1927 - 2011)

Image Source: Wikipedia

Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence - 1956

Image Source: Dartmouth

What is Artificial Intelligence?

"It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable."
- John McCarthy, 2007

Source: Stanford

Yes, but what is intelligence?

"Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines." - John McCarthy, 2007

Source: Stanford

Isn't there a solid definition of intelligence that doesn't depend on relating it to human intelligence?

"Not yet. The problem is that we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others." - John McCarthy, 2007

Source: Stanford

Intelligent or Merely Human?

Image Source: Wikipedia

Alan Turing (1912 - 1954)

"I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'" - Turing, 1950

Image Source: Wikipedia

Turing Test

Image Source: Rutherford Journal

Chinese Room - John Searle

Image Source: Wikipedia

Strong AI vs. Weak AI

Intelligent Agents

Agents

Generic Intelligent Agent Model

Image Source: Dr. Hsu

How Agents Should Act

A rational agent:


Maximum Success Measure (Utility)

How Agents Should Act

Questions raised about Beliefs, Uncertainty, Knowledge


Studying Rational Behavior Helps Understand Decision-Making

Logic Theorist

Image Source: Wikipedia

Allen Newell       Herbert Simon

Rational Agents

"Doing the Right Thing"

Rational Agents Capabilities

Rational Agents Capabilities

Possible additional capabilities

Measuring Performance

Criteria to determine Success

When to Evaluate Success

Measuring Performance Example

Web Crawling Agent

What is Rational?

Criteria


Performance Measure

What is Rational?

Percept Knowledge


Agent Knowledge

What is Rational?

Feasible Action

Structure of Intelligent Agents

Agent Behavior

Structure of Intelligent Agents

Agent Programs

Structure of Intelligent Agents

Applications

Example: Game Playing Agent

Image Source: Dr. Hsu

Methods for Developing AI

PEAS Framework

Performance Measure

Environment

PEAS Framework

Actuators


Sensors

1 - Simple Reflex Agents

Image Source: Dr. Hsu

2 - Reflex Agents with Memory (State)

Image Source: Dr. Hsu

3 - Goal-Based Agents

Image Source: Dr. Hsu

4 - Utility-Based Agents

Image Source: Dr. Hsu

Marvin Minsky

Image Source: Wikipedia

Artificial Neural Networks

Image Source: Wikipedia

Neural Network Activity

Camouflaging Tanks

Why?

Artificial Intelligence Today

Deep Blue

Beat Gary Kasparov at Chess in 1997

Image Source: Wikipedia

Other Uses


Almost Everywhere!

What we talked about

What we didn't talked about

Assignments

Blog 8: Artificial Intelligence Everywhere

In today's world, it seems like artificial intelligence is everywhere. From the games we play, to the websites we use, to the systems governing our traffic and energy supply, artificial intelligence is everywhere. For this blog post, choose one example of artificial intelligence you interact with on a regular basis, and tell us about it. Some things you can include in your article: