CIS 115

Lecture 9: Embedded Systems, Computer Architecture & Finite State Machines

Tyranny of Numbers

For some time now, electronic man has known how 'in principle' to extend greatly his visual, tactile, and mental abilities through the digital transmission and processing of all kinds of information. However, all these functions suffer from what has been called 'the tyranny of numbers.' Such systems, because of their complex digital nature, require hundreds, thousands, and sometimes tens of thousands of electron devices.

-Jack Morton - 1957
VP of Bell Labs

Jack Kilby

Image Source: Wikipedia

Integrated Circuit

Image Source: Wikipedia

Robert Noyce

Image Source: Wikipedia

Intel Founders

Andy Grove, Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore (1978)

Image Source: Wikipedia

Moore's Law

Image Source: Wikipedia

Intel 4004

Image Source: Wikipedia

Microcontrollers

Image Source: Wikipedia

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

• x86
• x86-64
• IA64 (Itanium)
• ARM
• PowerPC
• MIPS

Image Source: Wikipedia

Hardware Classes

1. Internal Components
2. Storage
3. Peripherals
4. Cables & Connectors

Information from Wikibooks

Old Motherboard Diagram

Image Credit: Wikipedia

New Motherboard Diagram

Image Credit: Wikipedia

Processor Features

• Architecture
• Clock speed
• Cache memory
• Processing cores

cpuboss.com - Intel Core i7 3970X

Intel Core i7 3970X vs. AMD FX 9370

Memory Features

• Size
• Speed
• Type/Class
• ECC (Error correction)
• Registered

Graphics Card Features

• GPU Chip
• Video Memory
• Motherboard Interface
• Output Connections

gpuboss.com - EVGA GeForce GTX TITAN

EVGA GeForce GTX TITAN vs AMD Radeon HD 7970

Disk Drive Features

• Capacity
• Interface
• Spindle speed (HDD)
• Read speed
• Write speed
• Latency

Comparison

Image Credit: Computerworld

RAID

• RAID 0 - Striping
• RAID 1 - Mirroring
• RAID 5 - Striping & Parity
• RAID 6 - Striping & Dual Parity
• RAID 10 - Mirroring + Striping

Optical Disk Comparison

Information from PCPower.com

Note: multiply by 1.5 to account for real usages and efficiency

Other Peripherals

• PCI Cards
• Flash Memory
• Display Devices
• Input Devices
• Printers
• Networking Devices

Finite State Machine

Image Source: Wikipedia

Moore Machine

Image Source: Stateworks.com

Ouput depends only on state
-or-
Each state can only have 1 set of outputs

Mealy Machine

Image Source: Stateworks.com

Ouput depends on inputs and state
-or-
Each state can have multiple sets of outputs

Finite State Machine Examples

1. Elevator Control System
2. Vending Machine
3. Baseball At-bat
4. Starting a Car
5. Pinball Machine
6. Store Self-Checkout
7. ATM Withdrawal
8. Keypad Security Lock
9. Paper-Rock-Scissors Game
10. Changing a Tire

Assignments

• Read and be prepared to discuss:
  • Pattern on the Stone Chapter 8: Computers that Learn and Adapt
• Blog 4: Computer Systems in Daily Life - Due 9/29 10:00 PM
• Scratch Stoplight Project - Due 9/29 10:00 PM

Blog 4: Computer Systems in Daily Life

We interact with a variety of computer systems on a daily basis, but most of the time we don’t take the time to think about where they came from and how they work. Choose a computer system you see in your everyday life and write about it and its history. Tell us how it works and how it affects us in our daily life. A simple example would be the keycard entry systems at the K-State dorms and the engineering labs. Some questions to ask yourself while you are doing your research:

• Who created this system?
• What are the underlying technologies?
• Is this a very common system, or something unique to a particular field or use?
• How long has this system been around?
• How difficult would life be without this system?
• Are there any privacy, security or safety concerns with this system? Are there any concerns if this system didn’t exist?

Stoplight FSM

Stoplight Project